
Diplomacy Lab Exhibitions
Chapter 3
Borderland Audio
Follow Young-hwa through his heroing journey in the North korean army.

Context of military life in North Korea:
Borderland
Photos by David Guttenfelder
Context
Teenagers are funneled into the military, where they are deprived of a sense of individual identity, forcibly indoctrinated, and often used for the suppression of dissent and violence against civilians, including their own families. Many young men are psychologically manipulated and physically tormented in order to reinforce discipline. In recent years, the North Korean soldiers have been procured by the Russian military for goods and cash while being sent to fight a war of aggression.
The structure of the North Korean military is heavily influenced by the Songbun system, which is a social stratification system based on perceived and hereditary loyalty to the regime. Due to this system, there is an enormous divide between rural men who join the military and their superiors from the capital. Those from "loyal" or the "core" families, who are usually children of bureaucrats and military officials from Pyongyang, are put into highly esteemed military academies and are given special privileges compared to the rural population. Those from lower casts, usually rural children, are put into labor-intensive standard military camps where they experience various forms of abuse.
Malnutrition is highly common among rural recruits, which can cause significant health issues, considering the amount of labor they are required to do. Beatings and hazing rituals are also commonplace in the North Korean military, especially during the training period. Often, physical violence can be used to justify existing power hierarchies and establish dominance by the high-ranking officers. Senior conscripts also participate in the physical abuse of younger ones, perpetuating a cycle of violence that often can result in serious injuries or even death.
Sexual violence can also be used against soldiers; this is particularly common with female conscripts. Sexual abuse may include rape, forced abortions and other forms of sexual exploitation conducted by senior officers and high ranking officials. Although more common among women, male conscripts can also experience sexual violence, often as a way to establish dominance or reinforce control.
Sources:
https://press.armywarcollege.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1348&context=monographs
https://www.dailynk.com/english/report-sheds-light-on-severity-of/?utm.com
https://www.rfa.org/english/news/korea/abuses-03102017160050.html
https://www.nkhiddengulag.org/blog/the-horrors-of-being-a-woman-in-the-north-korean-military
https://www.dailynk.com/english/prisoners-in-uniform-ngo-reveals-h/

Photo by Eric Lafforgue – North Korea – A woman standing in the middle of a crowd of soldiers. This picture is not supposed to be taken as officials do not allow army pictures
The story of Yong-hwa.
As the wind howled through the solitary mountains of Kaesong, I realized that now I stand alone among the elements and between destinies. I had no direction, but a muddy road that led to a village where my father's military friend resided. The typhoon season was nearing, so I had to move fast. There were few, if any, rations, so it was a race between starvation, physical exhaustion, and loss of will to live. However, through the muddy waters and dense forests, through the rolling hills and bypassing steep mountains, I got there just before collapsing.
My father's friend, an older man named Dae-hyun at first glance, didn't want to take me in. His heart might have been filled with kindness, but his cupboards weren’t filled with rice, so he knew the risk. Yet, as I collapsed from exhaustion, he was left with little choice but to allow his better nature to take over. After some time of being fed and clothed by his family, I tried helping around, chopping wood, foraging in the nearby woods for mushrooms, berries, and any animal that we could find, as well as helping with house repairs. This, however, wouldn’t be enough to get us all through the winter.
On a foggy afternoon, a man with dark leather boots, a sharp uniform, and a shiny bronze medal walked through the door. Dae-hyun seemingly tried to smile, but his attempt failed to look genuine, as he was doing his best to hide his anxiety. His visitor also attempted to smile, but on his cold face, such an expression barely looked humane. As they exchanged niceties, it was clear that it wasn’t the only thing meant for trade that evening. Dae-hyun offered a generous amount of poppy milk that he bartered in a nearby village in exchange for my acceptance to the military academy. The man in shiny boots laughed so hard that we thought he must have lost his mind. “The best I can do is send him to the battalion under my friend's direct supervision”. They bowed, and I packed my bags to join the military.
Soon, I got my own black boots, and even sooner, they received their first taste of blood. As I was first putting on my new green uniform, the standard issue helmet, I was filled with hope and wonder as stories from my childhood kept rushing into my mind. I remembered how my father would tell me about his glorious battles and the heroes that he fought with. I also started remembering my kindergarten teacher, who infused our young minds with tales about our great war and struggle against the Japanese imperialists. All those stories flew right off of my mind as I received my first sucker punch into the stomach from an officer, because I dared to look at him in a manner that was perceived as disrespectful. I would say that the meagre rations that we received were better than nothing at all, but my tongue would disagree. However, as many beatings as I received, it was nothing compared to what female soldiers had to go through; the constant fear of being stripped of both your clothes and dignity is beyond physical humiliation, as it wounds the soul. This would happen to men as well, often to establish control and “put the rural boys in their place”, as the officers from Pyongyang would say.
A few months after I joined the military, a high-ranking marshal with medals that filled his chest and a cap that was way to big for his head told us that we will be traveling thousands of miles for a glorious purpose, without mentioning exactly what it would be, he said we are going for a training exercise with our neighboring comrades. Both fear and excitement filled my mind. I barely ever imagined the outside world; everything outside of our glorious nation that the supreme leader watched over seemed like a distant image in the fog. Is there a land without hunger?
As we crossed Siberia, I saw more of the world than I had ever imagined existed. As we disembarked from the train, our boots landed on the ground, and a loud screech of the megaphone greeted our soldiers. After a few weeks of receiving orders in a foreign language, we were sent for our first “field assignment”. Shortly after arrival, something seemed different; cold wind and dark smoke filled the air around me as our brigade marched towards what we thought would be our training site. Suddenly, an explosion blasted next to us, and I saw a body being thrown in the air.
This was no training, said our officer, this was now a real battle, and there is no way back because the Russian and Korean high-ranking commanders will shoot anyone who retreats. We were the first to jump into the firing rounds. Amid the confusion, some of my compatriots started shooting from all angles, eventually killing each other. I saw drones dropping bombs right over our heads, fear and panic spread across the ranks, and we ran in all directions. While running, I fell over the my comrade, kicking his dead body away from terror. I fell into a trench and was surrounded by soldiers. We were trained that surrender is the way of the weak, and what I must do, according to the instructions of my superiors, is to “hold the grenade tightly in my hand, place it under my chin or body armor, pull out the ring and release the safety pin boldly”. Yet, my body refused to move, I was slowly sinking into the mud as my eyes were closing. I then woke up next to a Ukrainian nurse and a man who spoke in Korean but with an accent I had never heard before. This was the beginning of my new life.
My fingers know the weight of bricks
before they learned to write.
I carry bags like sins
none of them mine.
I think of mother when I scrape my palms.
Was her skin traded like my time?
She tells me to dream,
but dreams don’t fill your stomach.
Still, I try.
Freedom? I think it smells like food.
Like schoolbooks
Like dad’s stories before he left
Yet I found myself amidst
the roaring flames of war
Surrounded by the loneliness
of corpses
Kicking away the body
of my dead comrade
Rage and fear pulsing
through my veins as I gasp for air
Lungs filled with the smoke
The taste of foreign soil on my lips
Marched to slaughter as deceived cattle
As I think of putting a grenade to my chest
I hope to feel the warmth of your embrace
And my stomach will be full in the next life
Yet I couldn't pull that faithful pin
My mind is slipping away
As the paralyzed body is sinking into the wet, dark soil
And then gasping for air in the stiff hospital bed
where I started this life anew
J.F and A. L . V.

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Co -Author of poem
Jennifer F.
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